Key takeaway
Under the Consumer Protection Act, 2019, a consumer can complain about defective goods, deficient services and unfair trade practices — including by builders, banks, insurers, hospitals and airlines. Complaints are filed in a District, State or National Commission depending on the value paid, generally within two years, and can be filed online through e-Daakhil. NRIs can participate through a lawyer or authorised representative and, in many commissions, attend by video.
Who can complain
A person who buys goods or hires services for consideration, other than for resale or a commercial purpose. Homebuyers, depositors, policyholders and patients are typical NRI complainants.
Which commission
Pecuniary jurisdiction depends on the value of consideration paid for the goods or services, under rules notified by the Central Government. As notified in 2021, District Commissions hear complaints up to ₹50 lakh, State Commissions above ₹50 lakh up to ₹2 crore, and the National Commission above ₹2 crore. Check the current limits before filing.
Territorially, a complaint can be filed where the opposite party resides or carries on business, where the cause of action arose, or where the complainant resides or personally works for gain.
Time limit
A complaint must generally be filed within two years from when the cause of action arose. Delay can be condoned for sufficient cause.
Filing online
- Register on the e-Daakhil portal.
- Prepare the complaint with facts, relief claimed and supporting documents.
- Sign the complaint and affidavit (signed abroad as required, notarised and apostilled or consular-attested).
- Pay the fee online and submit; the commission scrutinises and admits it.
- Attend hearings through your representative or by video conference where allowed.
What you can get
- refund, replacement or removal of defects;
- compensation for loss and harassment;
- interest and litigation costs;
- discontinuance of unfair practices.
Builders: consumer commission or RERA?
Homebuyers can choose either forum for many delay claims. See builder delayed possession remedies.
Have a consumer complaint?
Tell us the provider, amount paid and what went wrong.
Related guides
- All NRI legal guides
- Handling a court case in India while living abroad
- Filing a RERA complaint from abroad
- NRI claims and compensation services
References
- Consumer Protection Act, 2019, sections 2(7), 34, 35, 47, 58 and 69 — India Code
- Consumer Protection (Jurisdiction of the District Commission, the State Commission and the National Commission) Rules, 2021
- e-Daakhil portal (National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission)
Last reviewed: November 2026.
The information provided is for general educational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. Applicable laws and procedures may vary depending on the facts, jurisdiction, and circumstances of each matter. Consult a qualified legal professional before taking action.
